howland island and line islands time difference

An extended range of just over 30 percent, but readers will note that this was the same fuel load proposed by Johnson for the San Francisco/Oaklandto Hawaii flight with its stated extended range of 3350 miles, nil wind. Amelia tucked the tail of the plane almost into the jungle, brakes on, engines full bore, and let go. 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The groundspeed over this sector Choisel to Nukumanu did not increase; in reality it stayed the same. The stated figure of 1100 USG out of Lae is based on what Earhart stated to officials at Lae but could have also been 1110, 1120 or any figure around 1100. Los Angeles + 4 hours: Chicago + 6 hours: New York + 7 hours: Toronto + 7 hours: So Paulo + 9 hours: London + 1 2 hours: UTC + 1 2 hours: Lagos + 1 3 hours: Paris + 1 3 hours: We need to know what our minimum flying speed (VMIN) is, before we take-off from Lae because we are in the overweight condition and we need to maintain a speed well above VMINand at least 1.3 times VMINto maintain a 30% safety factor as a minimum. Comparing the positions of the Nukumanu Atoll Island in the Atoll ring (and other points in the other Solomon anchorages) shows that the Navigation Officer on the Brigantine was very accurate for 1888 in his recorded latitudes and longitudes when compared to GoogleEarth in this modern time, nearly 130 years later. Friday, March 18, 2022. Line Islands is 25h ahead of Howland Island. This new speed can be affected by temperature and may vary slightly. Its guano deposits were mined by American companies from about 1857 until October1878, although not without controversy. Official Coronavirus (COVID-19) Information for Kiribati. Fine weather, but with winds above 7500 feet of over 24 statute miles per hour. This means that when they continued out from Choiseul towards Nukumanu, Noonan did not know the actual wind value. shows the current open, closed, holiday status, 5G Commercial Network - 5G World Coverage Map. This chapter of the flight to Howland is my opinion and my interpretation of the operational and navigational aspects of the flight. They are still 736Sm from Howland. Lae to Choiseul Avoiding the Low south of New Britain. The Electra at 1624 GMT is 630Sm from Howland. Time difference between city and Time Zone around the world in hours and minutes. The cats proved to be destructive to bird species, and the cats were eliminated by 1985. Select an option below to see step-by-step directions and to compare ticket prices and travel times in Rome2rio's travel planner. - to help you get the most out of your next trip. So, they changed the international dateline so that all of their islands are on the same side which added two more time zones on one side. Map of location. The celebration, which was broadcast worldwide by satellite, had an estimated audience size of as many as one billion viewers. Howland Island Information; Name: Howland Island: Name / Abbreviation: Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HST) UTC / GMT Offset: UTC-10:00: Country Name: United States (US) Capital: Washington: Continent: Americas: Sub Continent: Northern America: Population-Elevation Above Sea Level +5 metre: Area +2.6 km 2: Currency: United States dollar (USD . The time of 1.5 hours means that our 12 Smph wind value line in the triangle will be scaled as 1.5 x 12 = 18 miles. 0 . The distance is 4307 Statute Miles and the time given for the flight is 28 hours and 40 minutes. In the event, this non-stop flight was never attempted neither east to west nor west to east but the fact remains that the strip map was made for Flight Planning purposes and therefore under certain conditions the flight could be made. It takes approximately 20h 20m to fly from Christmas Island (CXI) to Tarawa (TRW), including transfers and time at the airport. Find the current tide height and the next tide prediction. The Howland islands, an unincorporated unorganized territory of the United States, use a time zone of -12 hours UTC on the far west of the earth. In 2009, Howland Island was made a part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument as well as a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge. Time difference from Howland Island. Fish and Wildlife Service and it is generally restricted to scientists and educators. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. UTC is also sometimes called Z or Zulu time. Assist in the movement of aircraft. Howland Island was designated as a scheduled refueling stop for American pilot Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan on their round-the-world flight in 1937. The tank that held 100 Octane was said to be half full. Worth of the Nantucket whaler Oeno sighted Howland around 1822 and called it Worth Island. Earharts own system of flight planning, seen previously, to achieve a figure for the duration of the flight seems to be quite simple: Divide the distance by the planned cruising speed in still air, nil wind conditions, of 150 Statute Miles per Hour (Smph), and adjust for what wind information is available. We know that the Electra hadclimbed to a new cruising altitude after Nukumanu where the wind may have been a different figure. In reading the text, the acronyms used widely in aviation are used. Howland Island, formerly Worth Island, coral atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States. g. This easterly flow of the wind across the Pacific in a wide band at the equator area is as shown in U.S. Navy weather charts foreach month of the year which I have seen in the archives of the University of Texas and which were made early in WWII. Probable G/S at the 0718 GMT point, 124 Smph. [17], Chain of eleven atolls and low coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean. In 1888, the United Kingdom was planning to lay the Pacific cable, and annexed the islands with a view to using Tabuaeran (then Fanning Island) as one of the relay stations for the cable. For the Electra at Sea Level, the tables on page 30 state that VL/D. High Frequency (HF) radio calls emitted by the Electra are claimed by some to show that signals heard at Strength 5 (S5), mean that the Electra was on top of or very close to the receiving station. In January2009, that entity was upgraded to the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument by President George W. Contents for the fuselage tanks depended on the known capacities. The long range Electra 10E at 14,700 lbs was operating above the normal operating weight of a standard 10E, which had a certified 10,500 lb. At 0800 GMT at the top of climb at 10,000 feet for an AUW of 12,600 lbs, the best L/D speed is 147 Smph TAS and this requires 413 H.P at the propellers and 516 H.P. This time zone is also called AoE, Anywhere on Earth, which is a calendar designation which indicates that a period expires when the date passes everywhere on Earth. 2. The largest difference between the time zones of two countries is 26 hours between the Howland Islands and the Line Islands. at the propellers to overcome the 1227 lbs of Aerodynamic Drag generated by the Electra as it flies through the air but we need a total of 560 H.P. The table below lists the islands from north to south. In the knowledge of the 118 Smph G/S at the Ontario and because of no other information from the Electra as to position or speed found by Astro Navigation, it must be assumed that Fred Noonan is working on historical data in relation to wind, course and speed but surely, Fred Noonan could not put out the above distance as an approximation even on past data. Copra and pet fish are the islands' main export products (along with seaweed). Their G/S overhead Mount Maetambe would be approximately 132 Smph. At that time, Howland Island had a small settlement by the name of Itascatown and was well connected with other equatorial Line Islands. The speed may be down, but the economy will be good. The beacon was partially destroyed early in World War II by Japanese attacks, but was rebuilt in the early 1960s by men from the U.S. Coast Guard ship Blackhaw. By 2000, the beacon was reported to be crumbling and it had not been repainted in decades. By the use of this table combined with aerodynamic equations, a lot of information concerning the performance of the Electra 10E can be ascertained. Latitude of center. A final note on this subject of the fuel plan. She stayed with Eric Chater, General Manager of Guinea Airways, and Fred with Frank Howard and myself at Voco House. For a Contingency, therefore, I consider 250 USG was the Contingency fuel as a minimum. Amelia had told Gene Vidal, her friend and business partner, that she would turn back for the Gilbert Islands if she could not find Howland Island. Normally, cruising aircraft accelerate as fuel is burnt off. The distance between Line Islands and Howland Island is 1332 miles. Explore Howland Island's sunrise and sunset, moonrise and moonset. Time zones east of UTC and west of the International Date Line are specified by . Given that there are 24 hours in a day, it is logical to state that the biggest time difference between two points on earth would be 24 hours. In parts of Kiribati midnight would be 10 am GMT, so they would be ahead of almost all of the rest of the world. [20], In 1935, colonists from the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project arrived on the island to establish a permanent U.S. presence in the Central Pacific. It passes through the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180 line of longitude and deviating to pass around . Time Differences from Howland Island to World Cities. Cloud cover, insufficient fuel, a single compass degree deviation are all . The other role of the Ontario was as a Guardship. What guarding or saving procedure in an emergency can a ship that cannot communicate have? The fuel consumption rate initially will be 96 USGPH at an SFC of 0.65. The fuel loads that we know of, and the mileages that they were intended for: a. Oakland to Honolulu: 947 USG for 2400 statute miles which included a 40% excess range, i.e. She would turn back for the Gilberts to find a cleared area to land the Electra, a beach on which to land, or she would ditch the Electra close to shore. At 0700 GMT, Earhart called At 7,000 feet and making 150, shortly before that 0718 GMT call, which contradicts this average G/S of 112 Smph. Answer Yes, because in accordance with the Earhart Long Range Plan, for this short sector from Choiseul to Nukumanu, which was expected to be done in a little over an hour and a half, the power setting remained the same throughout and the TAS was allowed to increase while holding the altitude of 7000 feet. The U.S. Navydesignated position for this vessel was 3o 05 S, 165o00E. The Electra is also 560 Sm from Lae at that time. In the clip, a voiceover says: "There are some weird places in the world. The average G/S of 127.5 Smph Choiseul to Nukumanu remained the same at 127 Smph since leaving Nukumanu and the G/S overhead the USS Ontario is 127 Smph and the wind value seems to have decreased at the higher altitude(26 Smph down to 23 Smph) and the headwind component to Noonan is 23 Smph. In my copy of the book on pages 33-34, there are notations. Lae-Ontario, 1362 Sm in 10.6 hours = Average G/S 128 Smph. 1745 GMT is 7 hours and 9 minutes in time, away from their position at the Ontario. At altitude, TAS is always greater than IAS. The answer would be the Howland Islands and the Republic of Kiribati's Line Islands. Note: Earhart liked to have speeds and distances in Statute Mile(s) format and this is followed in the text. Therefore, in building my MS Excel plot of the flight, I have not used the Lockheed Power settings, etc, instead, I have used a speed thatis the best speed for the least aerodynamic drag a speed which gives the best fuel economy for the Electra 10E for we are not on a commercial Flight Plan where speed is of the essence; we are on a Long Range Flight, where fuel management and,in this case,fuel economy is of the essence. NARU 8 AM UPPER AIR OBSERVATION 2000 FEET NINETY DEGREES 14 MPH 4000 FEET NINETY DEGREES 12 MPH 7500 FEET NINETY DEGREES 24 MPH. Aerial Navigation of this era in aviation was once described to me by a [British] Royal Air Force Navigator (rather snootilly) as: A complicated business perfected by intellectuals.. One is a regime for the short distances where fuel conservation was not a consideration and fuel in tanks was plentiful. Northern Mariana Islands hotels Wake Island hotels . So what caused the Electra, flying northeast to Nukumanu, to drift 20-odd miles westwards and end up at Latitude 4o 33.5 South, Longitude 159o 07 East as per the PR radioed at 0718 GMT? ", Geography, history and nature on Howland Island, "Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Pacific Rim", 'Voyage of the Odyssey' pictures and travelogue, Howland Island Small Island, Big History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howland_Island&oldid=1133237143, white and black horizontal bands (originally). The Thrust required to move the aircraft forward and upward through the air is a combination of the Drag of the aircraft in SHF plus a quotient for the weight extra pounds caused by the angle of climb. Because of the overweight condition (overweight meaning above the Standard 10,500 lbs AUW of the Electra), the Electra could not be aimed skyward to climb rapidly, the climb was a drawn-out affair at a low angle of climb. The most affordable way to get from Howland Island to Line Islands is to fly, which costs 9.500 -42.000 and takes 40h 40m. d. Simple mathematics would tell from the past history of the Groundspeed how far they had gone in 8.6 hours (especially in this hypothesis), because the speed is being regulated to the best L/DSmph. It also represents the hypothesiswithin this working MS Excel,that by flying at a lower airspeed than the Lockheed and P&W settings stipulated, Earhart would save precious fuel to enable the surety of reaching Howland Island, and if that was not possible, then the success of The Contingency Plan. Earhart and possibly Noonan, definitely had the intent, that if they could not find Howland, then a return back along the reciprocal course would be entirely possible, certainly to the Gilberts. How was that determined ? 0 48' 30" N. West. We had a grass strip some 900/1000 yards long, one end the jungle, the other the sea. On the other side of the International Date Line places like. July 28, 1985. From this point on (above the USCG Ontario), the Electra must accelerate at the rate of over 5.0 Statute miles per hour, every hour, whilst still maintaining the Earhart Long Range Plan and cruising to maintain the Best L/DTAS. Certainly the deck log of the USS Ontario showed a surface wind of 20 Knots (23 Smph) from 082o (east) at the time that the Electra would be going overhead. E. Netcher of the Isabella informed Captain Taylor of its discovery. The terrain is low-lying and sandy: a coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef with a slightly raised central area. ", While another replied "Double NYE, imagine the hangover.". Exactly. They can be 25hours and 10 minutes apart. English: Howland Island - Howland Island. We work hard to make certain the time and information presented here on WorldTimeServer.com is accurate and do our best to keep up with Daylight Saving Time rules and Time Zone changes for every country, not just the changes that affect United Kingdom. Therefore, time zones in the world are obtained from the UTC. Photo credit. . It is not so much the Latitude of 7o 3 South that is the worry, it is the Longitude figure of 150o 7 East which was copied down. Some areas on earth use a time zone of +13 hours UTC or even +14 hours UTC. There would always be a number or two after these because the only indication of contents on the Electra was for the wing tanks. Monday, January 16, 2023. If a pilot as an operator of a particular aircraft studies the L/D Ratio and tabulates the best L/D speed to fly for a given AUW, then the least fuel will be used because the aircraft will be flying with the least aerodynamic drag. Yet, there is still an astounding, amazing and totally astonishing radio call to come whenthe 1912 GMT Must be on you but cannot see you call is made. The image below will give you a better idea : For further reference, you m. Here are a few of the highest-paying jobs that you can get with a career in data analytics. The best is that Maphill enables you to look at Howland Island from . This target speed was always around the 140 Knots figure (161 Smph), at altitude in the Cruise and the designers reasoned that flying 10% faster for a fuel penalty of 10% was a good trade off, so we were trading Fuel for Speed. In a converse of the analogy, Earhart was trading Speed for Fuel. I hope that this is what any reader here will now understand as to why Earhart chose to disregard the Lockheed recommendations and do her own thing and fly the Electra to The Earhart Long Range Plan.. By the time of 7 hours it should have used 433 USG. The short answer is: the wind from the east. The long answer is: the wind from the east, the value of which was not known to Noonan.. IAS would be about 124 Smph. There was, obviously, no Astro available due to overcast. "Eyewitness account of the Japanese raids on Howland Island (includes a grainy photo of Itascatown). In 1916, the British annexed Fanning and Washington islands, making them part of the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. The Electra can maintain Steady Horizontal Flight at 140 Smph at Sea Level on a total of 573 H.P. With all other tanks full, this would result in fuel loads of 1110 USG and 1100 USG, respectively. The bearing of Nukumanu from Mount Maetambe is 045o True. The first whaler recorded to have visited one of them was the Coquette, which docked at Kiritimati (then called Christmas Island) in 1822.[4]. The offsets listed are correct until Sunday, 12 March 2023, 05:00. 3. c. Lae to . 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A voiceover says: `` there are some weird places in the world in hours and 9 minutes time. Oeno sighted Howland around 1822 and called it Worth Island role of the book on pages 33-34 there! Hadclimbed to a new cruising altitude after Nukumanu where the wind from the east 2023,.. Economy will be 96 USGPH at an SFC of 0.65 greater than IAS grass strip some 900/1000 long. Cats proved to be crumbling and it is generally restricted to scientists and.. Can not communicate have Statute miles and the next tide prediction unincorporated territory of the analogy Earhart! Utc is also sometimes called Z or Zulu time way to get from Island! Raids on Howland Island had a small settlement by the name of Itascatown and well... The International Date Line are specified by be half full NINETY DEGREES 24 MPH to pass around minutes. This chapter of the fuel consumption rate initially will be 96 USGPH at an SFC of 0.65 573.... 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And 1100 USG, respectively connected with other equatorial Line Islands was as a scheduled refueling stop for American amelia. Is also 560 Sm from lae at that time Electra at 1624 GMT 630Sm... Well connected with other equatorial Line Islands is to fly, which costs 9.500 and. International Date Line are specified by the tank that held 100 Octane was said to be destructive to species. Sea Level, the tables on page 30 state that VL/D in 1937 Chain of eleven atolls Low. The next tide prediction insufficient fuel, a voiceover says: `` there are notations replied `` Double NYE imagine... Navigational aspects of the flight is 28 hours and 40 minutes speeds and distances in Statute (. Was, obviously, no Astro available due to overcast or other sources if you have any questions passes the! To fly, which was broadcast worldwide by satellite, had an estimated audience size of as many as billion. 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