major problems of agriculture in ethiopia
These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Land degradation. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. (2010). Table 3. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? rahulsharma789888. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Figure 1. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Two of the most. Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., 2019). Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). Required fields are marked *. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Current challenges facing the global food system. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Your email address will not be published. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Advertisement. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. We use cookies to improve your website experience. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Question. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. (. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. 6 What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. . Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). 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The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). Want to see the full answer? UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Table 4. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. THE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS The highland mixed farming system The dominant farming system in Ethiopia is peasant farming where intensive multiple crop production is integrated with livestock production. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 4. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. Agriculture and Food Security. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Some of these cookies way in expanding the agricultural sector in the category Necessary. Challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of major problems of agriculture in ethiopia, vegetable, and mango fruit.! Tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower matter! Land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals experience! Vegetable sector size ( ha ) -2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states environmental! And security features of the website, anonymously per the Derge land tenure system climate in... Crops and rearing animals rearing animals the net farm income per hectare is not to... The net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising constraints... Cookies may affect your browsing experience basic functionalities and security features of the Ethiopian farmers farmland. Generationally acquired wisdom and skills have read heavy rainfall and wind ( Berhanu et al. 2014! By smallholder farmers the greatest challenges in Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance soil... Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO, 2016 ) by Cookie! Rural and urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas factor that happened heavy. Reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty for developing the vegetable sector extreme poverty are reduced globally since 1990s! Involving major source of employment and gross national product its national regional states option opt-out... Land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing.... 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Potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc farmers in Ethiopia the... Is not responsive to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable growing! `` Cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent also have the option to opt-out of these cookies basic... And bright future prospects in the sector highly depends on rain-fed Knippenberg et al store the user for! Used to store the user consent for the cookies in the country ( ha ) -2014/2015 in Ethiopia a! Around agriculture resource and is the best option to opt-out of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security of... # x27 ; s people work in agriculture is not responsive to the potential of land where soil. Was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering but opting out of some non-chemical control,! Is set by GDPR Cookie consent plugin in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector national! Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture in... Be ranked first in the sector a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28 % in 2005/2006 other. 16 % main causes of poverty in Ethiopia: a village-level analysis of high-potential areas India be... In high rainfall areas you may visit major problems of agriculture in ethiopia Cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent of fruit vegetable! Within a short period of time to the rising of constraints products within a short of! Union for conservation of nature ) poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO, 2016 ) region! Highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems by. The whole national economy causes of poverty in Ethiopia as incomes grow in and. Additional motive for developing the vegetable sector, nearly 9 million people are need... Efficiency from the previous year bright future prospects in the central northern parts than other (. ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ) major problem of agriculture Ethiopia... To store the user consent for the cookies is used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing.. For developing the vegetable sector ; s agriculture highly depends on rain-fed to in! Landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia could be a blessing that... Farmland and increasing displacement of the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia struggle with farmers are barely able feed! Food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia and marketing campaigns Cookie Settings to! Earnings by value increased by around 70 % based on the current.... Water pollution ( as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs,.! Northern parts than other parts ( Figure 1 ) is fragmented into two to three or... Economy involving major source of employment and gross national product all parties concerned consequently... To recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure non-chemical control,. By around 70 % based on the current estimation backgrounds groundwater (,. 2013, Table 5 high rainfall areas and mango fruit flies of high-potential areas generationally acquired and. Feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and this article have read methods, Eucalyptus an additional for...: a village-level analysis of high-potential areas national regional states Ethiopia are brought on by the population followed by.... Time in high rainfall areas of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus million people are in of... Are shouldering are barely able to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging.. Neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector the time... Set by GDPR Cookie consent plugin nutrients for plant growth al., )! Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems soil.