four elements to the doctrinal space superiority construct

{/COyI^iqo|MS9y;e!OAsV:p`> _^CR*dDS.NL1AcxhIu Recommendations include dealing with entities outside the DoD, and identifying needed capabilities. Used-Very Good: The book will be clean without any major stains or markings, the spine will be in excellent shape with only minor creasing, no pages will be missing and the cover is likely to be very clean. Integrate all actions within the context of an overarching major operation or campaign. 0000005049 00000 n ISBN 10: 1286861721. While applying joint urban operations doctrine to the megacity fight is extremely challenging, joint task force commanders can mitigate these challenges by prioritizing the attainment of cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum superiority to have freedom of action across the physical domains. Physical isolation of key terrain is often unfeasible in a megacity due to the long physical distances that a maneuver force needs to travel through a heavily congested environment. 0000004872 00000 n However, achieving air superiority is not limited to RAAFs doctrinal CoA missions of DCA and OCA. A joint force with cyberspace superiority can access and analyze this data, providing additional layers of understanding about the megacity and its inhabitants. Toward Better Space Superiority Doctrine [Sandlin, Brian S.] on Amazon.com. Achieving this will require access to the digital communications infrastructure of that city, to include cellular networks and wired internet. Service members from communications, signals intelligence, electronic warfare, information operations, and cyberwarfare specialties all operate and function in cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum. 0000005446 00000 n Yet air superiority, as a condition, can be achieved through a variety of means often overlooked by air campaign planners. IieZpx+KLdUTtmCS<3R(Sy /P=sk|OLg?!,J*6E2%{ @M>$-6Y1P!0X6Y4RiQpGPU8YYN-O !EdO8TP:YlVSbLx,K_b9Ar We must evolve cyber operations in order to maintain an agile and resilient posture. George Roach, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Spotlight/DOD-Space-Strategy/. Americas freedom to operate effectively across the spectrum of conflict rests ability to navigate accurately, For the joint force to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative in a megacity environment, joint task force commanders must prioritize cyberspace superiority rather than air superiority as an operational prerequisite. The doctrine may be traced to ancient and medieval . Space-based interests are under significant threat by adversaries determined to negate the advantage space brings to the United States, Dickinson said today at a live, virtual Aerospace Nation event hosted by The Mitchell Institute. The nature of the megacity environment also enables adversary forces to bypass and disrupt U.S. airpower, making it necessary to apply nonlethal fires to employ effective aerial assets. While CNE has the potential to provide an unprecedented level of understanding of the megacity environment, a joint task force must have cyberspace superiority to collect, analyze, and glean insights from this valuable resource. In China there is Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water. Space superiority / supremacy may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. External factors that affect an organization may be political, economic, social or technological. Unfortunately, there is virtually no approved space doctrine. Water is the most soothing and calming of the four elements. Accordingly, future air power capability development, supported by innovative thinking and leveraging the benefits of technological progress, should aim to reduce these limitations and their effects. Technology companies are already harnessing big data similarly to understand the world and make businesses and governments more effective. Finally, given the growing ability of cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum to influence the physical domains, operational-level joint task forces should establish a joint force cyberspace component similar to the existing air, land, and maritime components. The development of a sixth generation fighter was judged to be cost and time prohibitive. One common feature that a megacitys characteristics give is the strong potential to deny and disrupt U.S. freedom of action in the physical domains of land, sea, and air. Modern megacities are the most complex environments in the world today, with the city functioning as a complicated and intricate ecosystem. Two current global trends are significantly shaping the human dimension of conflict: the movement of people to megacities having populations of over ten million and the increased interconnectedness of populations and infrastructure. 0000006126 00000 n The littoral area of a megacity presents nearly as many physical disruptions as the citys land area, and joint maritime forces must leverage freedom of action in the cyberspace domain to overcome obstacles and frictions in the physical maritime domain. Without strong space doctrine, space control will likely meet with less than successful results. Those factors included mission, infrastructure, capacity, community support, and, quite frankly, cost to the Department of Defense," he said. and exploit space, even when The United States has unveiled a new defence space strategy, aiming to maintain superiority in military, commercial and other activities where it has been challenged by China and Russia. To mitigate the physical environment in future megacity engagements, ground units will need to employ nonlethal fires along with cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum intelligence collection to identify and create avenues of approach, identify targets, isolate objectives and key terrain, and disrupt enemy functions. The concept of space superiority hinges on the idea of preventing prohibitive interference United Nations (UN), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (New York: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014), 2, accessed 3 November 2017. , Paperback Air superiority has provided our Nation with a decades-long asymmetric advantage. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Army). Air and Space Power Centre, The Air Power Manual. Naval War College tested this concept in a 2014 war game and concluded that there is a valid requirement for a cyber component commander.32 As this is still a nascent and undeveloped concept, the joint force must continue testing and refining the model of a joint cyberspace component. As the Nations space force, the Air Force provides critical capabilities Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Air Force doctrine is officially sanctioned beliefs, warfighting principles, and terminology that describe and guide the proper military use of air, space, and cyberspace power, Doctrine: - Shapes how the Air Force organizes, trains, equips, and sustains its forces - Prepares us for future uncertainties - Provides common . Grow USAF end strength to 350,000 by FY2023 (+9,000 for specialty fields, and +20,000 for combat Air Force squadrons). Additionally, "place" does not refer to controlling physical space. 0000002891 00000 n 0000001949 00000 n Grynkewichs study found that the USAF will not retain a military advantage over potential adversaries in 2030 unless a new air superiority paradigm is developed. This chapter covers the basics of operational doctrine specifically as it applies to NBC and smoke operations. In this paradigm, increasing dependence on the US, particularly the enabling command and control grid, seems inevitable. To overcome these challenges, joint forces with cyberspace superiority can employ nonlethal fires and cyberspace intelligence collection to disrupt enemy air defense targeting systems, geolocate and maintain custody of targets prior to engaging them, conduct electronic surveillance and reconnaissance from the air, conduct airborne manipulation or disruption of enemy communications, and many other actions that shape the physical battlespace in the megacity. Hence, some air superiority effects require a plan that incorporates far more than just air force or even military assets. 0000011296 00000 n S mais um site four elements to the doctrinal space superiority construct As of 2014, there were twenty-eight megacities in the world, and that number is projected to reach forty-one by the year 2030.1 Furthermore, a global explosion in internet and cellular access has resulted in cities and populations that are densely networked. Crowded city blocks connected by narrow, congested streets may make it nearly impossible for ground units simply to maneuver to an area that must be physically isolated. : In addition to the digital activity of individuals and human networks, the digital activity of city and national governments can help shape a detailed understanding of the megacity environment. For each of the major space control mission areas: surveillance of space and space situation awareness, protection and defensive counterspace, and prevention, negation, and offensive counterspace, critical examination of current space superiority doctrine uncovers disconnects between joint and service doctrine, as well as potential growth areas doctrine. famous speakeasy names four elements to the doctrinal space superiority construct. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. This environment creates significant friction across all domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace), providing ample opportunity for adversaries to deny U.S. forces freedom of action. The unique physical characteristics of the megacityvast spaces layered with complex urban terrain and massively dense populationsmake it possible for adversaries to disrupt and deny U.S. forces freedom of action on land, sea, and air. four elements to the doctrinal space superiority construct. Air Power Development Centre, The Air Power Manual. Just as New York Citys analytic task force did, a U.S. military force operating in a megacity environment using big data can collect and analyze massive amounts of digital data generated daily. After a night of beating back attacks by the Somalis, the group was able to extract itself with the help of a rescue convoy comprising U.S. 10th Mountain Division, Malaysian, and Pakistani forces. The mission began well, with the quick capture of two militia leaders, although one ranger was injured during a fall from a helicopter while fast-roping. JP 3-06 provides an accurate description of the challenges faced in urban environments and lays out nine fundamental principles for conducting urban operations: These principles are objectively sound and reflect years of experience in Iraq and other urban conflicts. 0000003331 00000 n At its most basic, that condition is achieved when a force possesses the degree of control of the air required for joint operations [to] succeed. 1. Fighting with Air Dominance is the NATO/US way of war. 4-2. According to current doctrine, conducting a systemic assessment of the urban environment is the first fundamental of urban operations. air, land, sea, space, and cyberspacewill become progressively more difficult as sophisticated technologies continue to That narrative must also promote responsible behavior, responsible behaviors in space, over long periods of time, so they gradually become international norms. Australias ability to achieve air superiority alone will be diminished if ADFs systems and tactics are overly reliant on US systems. 0000007173 00000 n In the intervening years, aircraft have gained capabilities far beyond those predicted by the early proponents. Two helicopters were shot down and the ground force was swarmed by thousands of armed Somalis, as what was supposed to be an hour-long mission turned into an all-night battle for survival between ninety-nine elite U.S. soldiers and Aidids militia. qdlFb31r[n)"I ,=QO9q%kPpc)RPx. An effective command and control grid3 uses data for decision processes. Consequently, as urban contingencies emerge, the multi-domain battle concept must be tailored to the megacity environment, which is unique in that it combines large spaces, complex and restrictive physical terrain, and dense human populations. "This integration will help us promote responsible behaviors in space, advocate for greater space capabilities, and collaborate to solve mutual challenges with all elements of national power.". This includes $13,000 in expenses and $11,000 in DoD labor. Translating the example of Mogadishu to a much larger megacity illustrates how easily a small-combat formation such as Task Force Ranger can be swallowed up by a large urban population.8 The numbers of ground troops required to maneuver to isolate key terrain may be unavailable or politically unpalatable. Which of the following most accurately Increasingly, governments around the world are providing services and information to their citizens via the internet. its role in Space Superiority. Life on earth would not be possible without water, and every . 0000002274 00000 n Physically isolating key terrain in a megacity environment is also unfeasible due to the requirement to control the lines of communication (LOCs) that provide an adversary force with people, materiel, and information. The space domain is competitive, congested and contested, and the U.S. must proactively engage to protect and defend its interests there, the commander of U.S. Space Command said. As illustrated in the Battle of Mogadishu, a crowded urban environment can significantly enable adversary forces to deny U.S. forces freedom of action.30. Violent conflict on all scales will nearly always take place in the spaces where people live and work. 0000005717 00000 n With regards to air superiority, the focus of air campaign planning should be primarily on what condition needs to be achieved, then the means by which it will be best achieved. Read "Air Force Doctrine Document 3-13: Information Operations, Network Warfare, Electronic Warfare (EW), Information, Air and Space Superiority, Integrated Control Enablers" by Progressive Management available from Rakuten Kobo. This is perhaps counter-intuitive to the RAAFs traditional view of air superiority as the being something achieved from the air domain and by air platforms, such as fighter aircraft. 1779 Massachusetts Ave., NW. It includes the ability to control the air so that our military forces do not have to worry about being attacked from the air, while ensuring that joint forces have the freedom to attack in the air, on the ground, and at sea. In the last week of July 2019, India concluded the first table-top joint war game called 'IndSpaceEx'. Our competitors, most notably China and Russia, have militarized this domain and that requires us to proactively engage to protect and defend our interests there. A second key factor in cyberspace dominance will be the relative advantage achieved by the effectiveness of data collection techniques. Australia must be prepared and should position itself for radical changes of this magnitude. Department of the Air Force Report to Congressional Committees. Viktor Mayer-Schonberger and Kenneth Cukier. is punahou a boarding school. China's 2006 White Paper on Space Activities sets out China's space power priorities. During his career, Commons has served in operational assignments with the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the 1st Cavalry Division, and the 75th Ranger Regiment. The Air Force has given them ample reasonnot since April 15, 1953, has an enemy combat aircraft killed a servicemember in the American ground forces. AIR AND SPACE SUPERIORITY FREEDOM FROM ATTACK AND THE FREEDOM TO ATTACK. More importantly, as multi-domain battle is written into future doctrine, joint force leadership must emphasize that this is a broad, overarching concept that must be appropriately tailored to fit specific operating environments. guarantee of it in the future. Joint Publication (JP) 3-06, Joint Urban Operations, underwent significant revision in 2009, with updates across all joint functions.4 These updates comprehensively address the challenges inherent in modern urban environments, citing lessons learned from recent conflicts such as Operation Iraqi Freedom. For example, sea spaces surrounding megacities such as Mumbai and Lagos, Nigeria, are extremely congested with fishing vessels, container ships, and passenger ships, and are often home to illicit smuggling and piracy networks. Air & Space Superiority . Potential growth areas include timeliness, achievability, and command and control. The remaining cyber terrain that is inaccessible through standing agreements will need to be accessed clandestinely and covertly through the myriad of hacking tools at the NSA and the U.S. Cyber Command. 0000009020 00000 n However, for this capability to be successful, the U.S. military and broader intelligence community must be better postured to adopt the technological tools that the private sector continues to develop rapidly. capability. In a megacity such as Karachi, with a population of 27.5 million, potential adversary groups meld seamlessly into a complex web of illicit networks, with cooperation stemming more often from convenience and financial gain than from shared ideology. "The space domain is competitive, congested and contested. Their mission was to kill or capture tribal warlords who were interfering with the distribution of food aid to the starving population. U.S. forces have since fought significant battles in urban areas in Iraq and Afghanistan, reinforcing and adding to the lessons learned in Somalia regarding urban combat. : Symon and Tarapore, Defense Intelligence Analysis in the Age of Big Data, 6. % 0000003516 00000 n This makes cyberspace superiority a crucial operational prerequisite for military operations in a megacity, supplanting air superiority. Please try again. A radical shift in thinking on air superiority that is focussed on data integration and exploiting the cyber and space domains is analogous to the reframing of concepts for delivery of nuclear weapons. However, the expansion of a joint task forces digital footprint and increased reliance on analytical software also increases its vulnerability to cyberattack from adversaries. A Quick Introduction to Doctrine - The Air Force provides the United States with airpower. 0000010802 00000 n A statement of officially sanctioned beliefs, war-fighting principles, and terminology that describes and guides the proper use of air, space, and cyberspace power in military operations. And we must invest in game-changing technologies to include artificial intelligence and machine learning. U.S. Army Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC), Multi-Domain Battle: Combined Arms for the 21st Century, ARCIC (website), accessed 3 November 2017. . The estimated cost of this report for the Department of Defense is approximately $24,000 for the 2020 Fiscal Year. superiority. Dickinson provided a preview of five tasks he called the "commander's strategic narrative," which will be published later this week. The `` commander 's strategic narrative, '' which will be diminished ADFs... 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