lascar volcano plate boundary

They occur beneath altitudes of 4,100 metres (13,500ft), their vents buried by later activity. [21] The presence of Mesozoic limestone is indicated by xenoliths in Lascar's lavas; the only place they crop out farther east is in Argentina. [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. [12] However, the inhabitants of the town of Camar consider Lascar a protective mountain spirit[13] and in Susques (Argentina) it is believed that snow will fall if Lascar is steaming strongly. A seismic monitoring experiment was realized in 2008. [54] These formations are not visible in the Lascar area, but they crop out close to the Salar de Atacama. The Saltar flow reached widths of 0.71.3 kilometres (0.430.81mi) and thicknesses of 520 metres (1666ft), increasing to 35 metres (115ft) where the flow entered valleys. [244] Thallium from the volcano is a pollution hazard in the Talabre area. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. How to watch volcanoes? [36] Traces of glaciation also exist at Cerros de Saltar. [153] Such a vent or caldera is substantially smaller than the volume of rocks erupted, a discrepancy that is also evident in the 1932 eruption of Quizapu. [227] Measurements made on the southwest rim of the main crater in 20092012 indicated air temperatures of 1020C (5068F). It started to shrink again by May. [43] The Pampa Chamaca and Tuyajto ignimbrites are somewhat younger, 2.62.2 million and less than 1 million years respectively. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. [117] The presence of argon and nitrogen in low-temperature fumaroles indicates that air is involved in their formation,[100] although a portion of each of these two gases is non-atmospheric. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. At the time preceding the eruption, the magma chamber had a thermal stratification;[151] injections of mafic magmas had heated the magma chamber and induced convection. At least nine units form the Saltar deposit, with the northern flows displaying flow welding. Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. [24], The volcanism of Lascar relates to the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. [32], Lascar is located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile,[31] and is 5,641 metres (18,507ft),[33][3][34] 5,592 metres (18,346ft),[31][21][15][1] or 5,450 metres (17,880ft) high, according to different sources. [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. [247] In 1993, yearly precipitation at several towns around Lascar ranged from 2.5 to 20.1 millimetres (0.098 to 0.791in). [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). [63] The formation of the first cone at Lascar may have been facilitated by the intersection between the Miscanti Line and another eastwest lineament[72] formed by PliocenePleistocene tectonic compression of the region,[73] and the lineament would have worked as an ascent path for magma. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. This information was summarized from the GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. [35] At least ten different pulses were observed, generating columns of various heights[173] and forming mushroom clouds. The Cascades are a chain of volcanoes at a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is subducting beneath a continental plate. What plate is forming lascar volcano? 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). Carbon in the gases may come from skarn assimilation. Long-period earthquakes with magnitudes not exceeding 1.3 were also recorded, with a maximum of 209 events noted in May 2015. [202] Volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption. [184] The total area covered by the flows is about 14.2 square kilometres (5.5sqmi) on the northern slopes (Tumbres fan)[185] and 4.3 square kilometres (1.7sqmi) on the southern slopes (Lejia fan). [59][97] In December 2002, two fumaroles had temperatures exceeding 295C (563F). [101] The fumarole gases react with surrounding rocks, forming precipitates and altered rocks. Match. [130] The long-term magma supply rate of Lascar is about 0.08 cubic kilometres per millennium (80,000m3/a),[131] the volcano has produced about 3040 cubic kilometres (7.29.6cumi) of rock. The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: specifically the movement, collision and destruction of lithospheric plates (e.g. [144], The magma erupted was generated in a magma chamber starting from andesite, which underwent complex petrogenetic processes. Another explosion at 13:02 sent a column 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi) high. The large eruption gave rise to a pyroclastic flow that extended 27 kilometres (17mi) westward and contained breccia and various magmas. Written By. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. [44] East of Lascar lies the La Pacana caldera. [45] An area of increased electrical conductivity has been identified beneath Lascar and extends to some neighbouring volcanoes, reaching a depth of over 6 kilometres (3.7mi) south of Lascar. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. [181] These flows reached a thickness of about 510 metres (1633ft) and advanced through the Quebrada de Talabre, which had intercepted the flows on the northern flank. Image: @AlexisBolbaran/Twitter. Acamarachi is the white cone on the right. [201] Over 0.1 millimetres (0.0039in) of ash fell over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres (330,000sqmi). The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent . [179] After being discharged through gaps in the crater rim,[175] pyroclastic flows on the northwestern and the eastern sides reached lengths of 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi),[180] and 4 kilometres (2.5mi) on the southern side. The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. Dacite has more plagioclase and rhyolite. The deposits left contain both andesite and dacite,[53] with phenocrysts consisting of apatite, augite, biotite, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in a rhyolite matrix. http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=-23.37%20-67.73&aq=&, http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&biw=1362&bih=600&gbv=2&site=search&tbm=isch&s, http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=L%C3%A1scar%20Volcano&as_allsubj=some&. [59], Layers of lava and pyroclastics are discernible in the craters. [155] Glaciers in the region reached their maximum size at that time. Data available through GEOFON. [36] The valleys drain the western, northern and southwestern slopes of Lascar. [248], During the glacial periods, the volcano most likely featured small glaciers. [20], Of these volcanic zones, the Central Volcanic Zone of which Lascar is a member of[21] is the largest, covering parts of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [35], About 30% of these flows were formed by ash and 70% by blocks,[174] with larger fragments accumulating on the margins of each flow deposit. [29] The eruption was also observed by geologists in Toconao,[164] where the explosion was violent enough to wake up people who were sleeping. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. [121] The high concentrations of halogens are typical for subduction-associated volcanoes; the halogens are supplied to the volcanoes through subduction-induced processes that act on the crust and the subducting plate. [82] The process happens frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved;[83] presumably, if the supply of mafic magma is steady, the products are andesitic, otherwise dacite forms. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. Flashcards. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. [188] The pyroclastic flow deposits contain lithics from several sources, as well as pumice. The next day, additional explosions occurred at 15:04, 15:05 and 17:39 UTC, with a maximum column height of 7 kilometres (4.3mi). On 20 February 1990, an eruption column rose 814 kilometres (5.08.7mi) above the crater,[57] resulting in ash fall over 100 kilometres (62mi) away from the volcano. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium [142], The Soncor ignimbrite extended as much as 27 kilometres (17mi) west from the volcano,[47] 10 kilometres (6.2mi) north and 15 kilometres (9.3mi) south. [6] Toconao and San Pedro de Atacama lie 34 kilometres (21mi) and 68 kilometres (42mi) from the volcano, respectively. [19] It is possible that when these ridges are subducted, the buoyancy they carry disrupts the subduction process and reduces the supply of water, which is important for the formation of melts. [7] As of 2017[update], stockbreeding and farming were the principal economic activities in Talabre. [220], Further activity occurred in May 2005, with a 810-kilometre-high (5.06.2mi) ash cloud, and in April 2006. [31] Larger particles fell closer to the volcano, while smaller particles were carried farther. SERNAGEOMIN reported that seismic signals characterized as moderate were recorded on 19 December and located near Lscar's main crater at shallow depths. [6][29] Guallatiri, for example, features fumarolic activity that is visible in satellite images. The Soncor magma chamber may have been too deep to collapse when it was emptied, explaining why no significant caldera was formed. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. [66] While the Piedras Grandes flow was formed by a glacier run that transported blocks with sizes of up to 8 metres (26ft), Soncor was formed by a large eruption. A number of other volcanoes are found in the region, such as Aguas Calientes, Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera. 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